New aspects of gastric adaptive relaxation, reflex after food intake for more food: Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves and nitric oxide

Abstract

To accommodate the intake of food or liquid, gastric reservoir functions are important as the physiological reflex. There exist two major responses as a reservoir function of the stomach; adaptive and receptive relaxations. Adaptive relaxation is a reflex in which the fundus of the stomach dilates in response to small increases in intragastric pressure when food enters the stomach. Receptive relaxation is a reflex in which the gastric fundus dilates when food passes down the pharynx and the esophagus. The mechanisms of these two types of functional responses are to some extent different, although a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural pathway is involved in the both relaxation reflexes. Adaptive relaxation is an intragastric pressure-induced reflex. Stretch of the gastric wall activates the mechanoreceptors in gastric mucosa (Mu), which generate impulses carried by the capsaicin-sensitive afferent sensory neuron. The sensory neuron can synapse on the inhibitory efferent neuron directly or activate it via interneurons of the myenteric plexus. This leads to the release of NO from the nitroxergic efferent neuron, which causes relaxation of circular muscle and hence of the fundus. Alternatively, an axon reflex causes the NO release from the sensory neuron, resulting in hexamethonium-resistant gastric relaxation. Receptive relaxation is mediated by vagal motor fibers. In contrast with the pressure-induced adaptive relaxation, ganglionic nicotinic transmission is essential in the vagally-induced relaxation. VIP and CGRP are important neurotransmitters of the inhibitory sensory neuron, which, however, may not mediate both adaptive and receptive relaxations. Disorders of these reservoir functions result in symptoms of early satiety and anorexia, which are the major symptoms of patients with functional dyspepsia.