An evaluation of the prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in a Cardiac Rehabilitation nurse led PCI clinic at University Hospital Limerick

Abstract

Introduction: It is estimated that there are approximately 190,000 people in Ireland with diabetes, with type 2 diabetes accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. The Institute of Public Health predicts that the prevalence of diabetes will increase from 4.5% in 2007 to 5.9% of the population by 2020. Recent data shows 5.5% adults aged 50 years and over in Ireland have pre-diabetes, placing them at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. It's known that active lifestyle intervention will greatly delay or reverse pre diabetes and should be a major focus of maintaining health and well being. Purpose: We set out to evaluate the prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in patients attending the nurse-led Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) clinic by Cardiac Rehabilitation nurses. Methods: All patients discharged from the Cardiology department following PCI are reviewed at the PCI clinic by Cardiac Rehabilitation nurses 4-6 weeks later where Fasting Glucose (FG) and HbA1c were reserved. All patients who attended the Cardiac Rehabilitation nurse led PCI clinic from Jan 2015 ± Sept 2016 were included in this audit (N = 734 patients). Results: A total of 734 patients were included, mean age 65 years. There were significantly more male patients (n=553) than females (n=180). Indication for PCI were as follows: STEMI (n= 176), NSTEMI (n= 150), Angina (n= 330), Dyspnoea (n= 26), Syncope (n= 18), Other (n= 34). There were 107 known diabetic patients in this cohort (14.6% of total patients), mean HbA1c ± 63mmol/mol and mean FG 9.3mmol/L. However, of interest was the proportion of patients newly diagnosed as diabetic on the basis of this test. 113 patients had HbA1c≥48mmol/ mol and a further 91 patients had FG ≥ 7mmol/L. This resulted in 204 patients (33%) being diagnosed as diabetic. Furthermore, we analysed results of patients in the 'pre-diabetes' range - HbA1c 42-47 /or FG 6.1-6.9. This yielded very interesting results. 140 (22%) patients had HbA1c 42-47mmol/mol and a further 57 (9%) patients had FG 6.1-6.9mmol/L. This resulted in a further 31% of patients being categorized as 'pre-diabetes'. Patients newly diagnosed Diabetic and those in the Pre-Diabetes range are referred back to their GP for management and follow-up. Those patients who are confirmed newly diagnosed diabetic are also offered a referral to the DESMOND program for further education and support. Conclusion: It is estimated that each year, the Irish state spendsE350m on Diabetes care, 59% of which is spent on treating the complications of the disease. Early identification of patients and initiation of treatment can reduce the development of complications of diabetes and therefore testing for diabetes in high risk asymptomatic patients is recommended and very beneficial as proven by this audit. Studies have shown that patients with pre-diabetes can reduce their risk of developing Type 2 diabetes significantly by following intensive lifestyle modification programmes.