Extracellular Matrix of Glioblastoma Inhibits Polarization and Transmigration of T Cells: The Role of Tenascin-C in Immune Suppression

Abstract

Dense accumulations of T cells are often found in peritumoral areas, which reduce the efficiency of contact-dependent lysis of tumor cells. We demonstrate in this study that the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by tumors can directly regulate T cell migration. The transmigration rate of several T cells including peripheral blood primary T cell, Jurkat, and Molt-4 measured for glioma cells or glioma ECM was consistently low. Jurkat cells showed reduced amoeba-like shape formation and delayed ERK activation when they were in contact with monolayers or ECM of glioma cells as compared with those in contact with HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. Phospho-ERK was located at the leading edge of migrating Jurkat cells. Glioma cells, but not MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, expressed tenascin-C. Knocking down the tenascin-C gene using the short hairpin RNA strategy converted glioma cells to a transmigration-permissive phenotype for Jurkat cells regarding ERK activation, transmigration, and amoeba-like shape formation. In addition, exogenous tenascin-C protein reduced the amoeba-like shape formation and transmigration of Jurkat cells through MCF-7 and HepG2 cell monolayers. A high level of tenascin-C was visualized immunohistochemically in glioma tumor tissues. CD3+ T cells were detected in the boundary tumor area and stained strongly positive for tenascin-C. In summary, glioma cells can actively paralyze T cell migration by the expression of tenascin-C, representing a novel immune suppressive mechanism achieved through tumor ECM.