Auditory Neurons on the Silk Road - Spider silk for bridging the nerve-electrode-gap

Abstract

The cochlear implant (CI) restores hearing to patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss by stimulating the spiral ganglion neurons (SGN). Due to the inner ear anatomy, a fluid-filled gap remains between the SGN and the electrode array. This gap impedes focused stimulation and thus optimized performance with the CI. Regenerating neurites may bridge this fluid-filled gap for a direct nerveelectrode- link but require a supportive matrix. Spider silk might be a suitable candidate for this support. Therefore, silk fibers were tested for biocompatibility with inner ear neuronal tissue, suitability as neurite outgrowth matrix and applicability to the CI-electrode array. Dragline silk from female Trichonephila spiders was woven around a frame and autoclaved. Spiral ganglia of young rats were prepared, cut and placed in a drop of medium on the parallel silk fibers for pre-cultivation to support adherence before remaining medium was added. After 5d of cultivation, cells were fixed and immunocytologically stained. For CIapplication, silk was wrapped around a silicone dummy and a one-sided spacer. Opposite the spacer, alginate-hydrogel was applied for silk-fixation and -shielding. After gelation, silk loops were cut in the middle to form protruding threads. Cells showed a high degree of migration and neurite regeneration along the silk fibers and in some cases the outgrown neurites directly contacted the silk. It was possible to fix the silk to the dummy as protruding fibers. The tested spider silk is compatible with the inner ear tissue in culture, supports cell growth and seems to be an attractive material for neurite contacting. Application to the CI as protruding fibers is possible, making it a promising candidate for structural support to bridge the nerve-electrode-gap.