Chicken anemia virus: A deadly pathogen of poultry

Abstract

Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is an immunosuppressive disease that causes great economic loss in poultry industry globally. This disease is caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV), an icosahedral and single-stranded DNA virus that is transmitted both vertically and horizontally. CAV, which belongs to the genus Gyrovirus has been reported in human, mouse and dog feces. Rapid identification of different strains of gyrovirus with high similarity to CAV has heightened public concern on this virus. Clinical symptoms of this disease such as intramuscular hemorrhage, weight loss, anemia and bone marrow aplasia are prominent in young chickens, while adult chickens experience subclinical symptoms. Biosecurity measures such as good management practice and vaccination have been the most reliable control strategy against this virus. Therefore, this study reviews the current state of CAV under the following subheadings (i) Chicken anemia virus (ii) Pathogenesis of CAV (iii) Serological evaluation of host antibodies to CAV (iv) Association of Marek's disease and infectious bursa disease with CAV infection (v) Genetic diversity and phylogenetics of CAV strains (vi) Current and future vaccine strategy in the control of CAV. In conclusion, improvement on DNA and recombinant vaccines strategy could curtail the economic impact of CAV on poultry birds.