Microalgae and Microorganisms: Important Regulators of Carbon Dynamics in Wetland Ecosystem

Abstract

Wetlands, a dynamic and natural ecosystem characterized by waterlogged conditions, are used for the benefit of mankind since decades. One of the most important ecological functions of the wetlands is their ability to sustain rich biodiversity and storage of carbon. The carbon stock in the wetlands is mainly regulated by carbon cycling mediated by microorganisms and photoautotrophs (algae and plants) in the wetland. Carbon storage in the wetlands is often controlled by both decomposition of labile carbon and carbon fixation by the photosynthesis. This internal carbon dynamics in the wetland ecosystem influences the atmospheric carbon cycle. Under anaero-bic condition, detritus chain involves microbial conversion of biodegradable material into a mixture of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) with small amounts of ammonium and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S). Methanotrophs are unique group of aero-bic, gram-negative bacteria that use CH 4 as a source of carbon and energy. Wetlands act as biofilters through a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors which contribute in the reduction of pathogen and waste water. Since algae play a crucial role in carbon dynamics, the present chapter emphasizes the role of algae in regulation of carbon, water hydrology and other ecosystem services of the wetland.