The Prevalence of Low Birth Weight Among Newborn Babies and Its Associated Maternal Risk Factors: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background Low birth weight (LBW) is at the forefront of 100 core health issues that are used as indicators to assess the global nutrition monitoring framework as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Several factors could contribute to LBW, which essentially include intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery/birth. Moreover, LBW predisposes neonates to several developmental disturbances including both physical and mental disorders. Given that LBW is more common in poor and developing countries, there is not much reliable data that could be used to formulate strategies for controlling this problem. This study, therefore, attempts to assess the prevalence of LBW among newborn babies and its associated maternal risk factors. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2016 and May 2017 (one year) and included 327 LBW babies. A predefined and prevalidated questionnaire was used to obtain data for the study. The data collected included age, religion, parity, birth spacing, pre-pregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy, height, mother's education, occupation, family income, socioeconomic status, obstetric history, previous history of stillbirths and abortions, and history of any LBW baby. Results The prevalence of LBW was noted to be 36.33%. The occurrence of LBW babies was predominant among mothers who were aged <19 years (62.26%) and >35 years (57.14%). Grand multipara women showed the highest rates (53.70%) of LBW babies. Additionally, LBW was predominantly noticed among newborns (46.66%) with a birth spacing of <18 months, those born to mothers with pre-pregnancy weight of <40 Kg (94.04%), mothers with a height of <145 cm (83.46%), mothers who gained <7 kg during the pregnancy (82.20%), illiterate mothers (43.75%), and mothers who were agricultural workers (63.76%). Other maternal factors that could predispose to LBW included lower monthly income (66.25%), low socioeconomic status (52.90%), less number of antenatal visits (59.65%), low blood hemoglobin (100%), history of strenuous physical activities (48.66%), smoking and/or tobacco chewing habit (91.42%), alcoholism (66.66%), lack of iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (64.58%), history of stillbirths (51.51%), and mothers suffering from chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia (47.61%), and tuberculosis (75%). Religion-wise, Muslim mothers revealed the highest prevalence (48.57%) of LBW, followed by Hindus (37.71%) and Christians (20%). The mother's age, pre-pregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy, height of the mother, hemoglobin concentration, weight of the baby, and length of the newborn (p≤0.05) could influence the health of the newborn. However, maternal infections, previous bad obstetrics history, presence of systemic illnesses, and protein and calorie supplementation (p≥0.05) had no significant impact on birth weight. Conclusions The results showed that multiple factors are responsible for LBW. Maternal factors such as weight, height, age, parity, weight gained during pregnancy, and anemia during pregnancy could predispose to delivering LBW babies. Additionally, other risk factors for LBW identified in this study were the literacy level of mothers, occupation, family income, socioeconomic status, antenatal care, strenuous physical activity during pregnancy, smoking/tobacco chewing, alcohol/toddy consumption, and iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy.