Conclusion

Abstract

This chapter summarize each perspective discussed in this research, and summarize a number of issues set out in the Introduction. The first is the structure of Vân Đồn as a port, the second is its role as a port and the timing,process, and reasons for the decline in trade activity of Đại Việt, the third concerns the activities of the various European trade companies in Tonkin, and the fourth is the process of and reasons for the decline of the Tonkin trade at the end of the seventeenth century and the closings of the VOC and EIC trading posts.