Impregnated and Co-precipitated Pd–Ga2O3, Pd–In2O3 and Pd–Ga2O3–In2O3 Catalysts: Influence of the Microstructure on the CO2 Selectivity in Methanol Steam Reforming

Abstract

Abstract: To focus on the influence of the intermetallic compound—oxide interface of Pd-based intermetallic phases in methanol steam reforming (MSR), a co-precipitation pathway has been followed to prepare and subsequently structurally and catalytically characterize a set of nanoparticulate Ga2O3- and In2O3-supported GaPd2 and InPd catalysts, respectively. To study the possible promoting effect of In2O3, an In2O3-doped Ga2O3-supported GaPd2 catalyst has also been examined. While, upon reduction, the same intermetallic compounds are formed, the structure of especially the Ga2O3 support is strikingly different: rhombohedral and spinel-like Ga2O3 phases, as well as hexagonal GaInO3 and rhombohedral In2O3 phases are observed locally on the materials prior to methanol steam reforming by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Overall, the structure, phase composition and morphology of the co-precipitated catalysts are much more complex as compared to the respective impregnated counterparts. However, this induces a beneficial effect in activity and CO2 selectivity in MSR. Both Ga2O3 and In2O3 catalysts show a much higher activity, and in the case of GaPd2–Ga2O3, a much higher CO2 selectivity. The promoting effect of In2O3 is also directly detectable, as the CO2 selectivity of the co-precipitated supported Ga2O3–In2O3 catalyst is much higher and comparable to the purely In2O3-supported material, despite the more complex structure and morphology. In all studied cases, no deactivation effects have been observed even after prolonged time-on-stream for 12 h, confirming the stability of the systems. Graphical Abstract: The presence of a variety of distinct supported intermetallic InPd and GaPd2 particle phases is not detrimental to activity/selectivity in methanol steam reforming as long as the appropriate intermetallic phases are present and they exhibit optimized intermetallic-support phase boundary dimensions. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].