DNA structure specificity of Rap endonuclease

Abstract

The Rap protein of phage λ is an endonuclease that nicks branched DNA structures. It has been proposed that Rap can nick D-loops formed during phage recombination to generate splice products without the need for the formation of a 4-strand (Holliday) junction. The structure specificity of Rap was investigated using a variety of branched DNA molecules made by annealing partially complementary oligonucleotides. On Holliday junctions, Rap endonuclease shows a requirement for magnesium or manganese ions, with Mn2+ supporting 5-fold more cleavage than Mg2+. The location of endonuclease incisions was determined on 3'-tailed D-loop, bubble, flayed duplex, 5'-flap and Y junction DNA substrates. In all cases: Rap preferentially cleaves at the branch point of these molecules. With a flayed duplex, incisions are made in the duplex adjacent to the single-strand arms. Comparison of binding and cleavage specificities revealed that Rap is highly structure-specific and exhibits a clear preference for 4- and 3-stranded DNA over Y and flayed duplex DNA. Almost no binding or cleavage was detected with duplex, partial duplex and single-stranded DNA. Thus Rap endonuclease shows a bias for structures that resemble D-loop and Holliday junction recombination intermediates.