Platelets in acute ischemic stroke

Abstract

Ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction are the major causes of death and disability worldwide. Rapid restoration of blood flow by pharmacological thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy is the mainstay of acute stroke treatment, but does not guarantee a favorable outcome. Reperfusion injury denotes the acute, paradoxically harmful aspect of blood flow return in the ischemic brain which involves platelet activation and, surprisingly, immune cell recruitment. In experimental stroke, glycoprotein (GP)Iba facilitated tethering of platelets to the postischemic brain endothelium by binding to von Willebrand factor (VWF), while firm adhesion and platelet activation were mediated by GPVI signaling. Accordingly, blocking of platelet GPIbα or GPVI, as well as reducing circulating VWF, dramatically improved stroke outcome by protecting the microvasculature during reperfusion and in addition accelerated recanalization during thrombolysis. Despite interfering with platelet function, no bleeding complications occurred, in contrast to devastating intracranial hemorrhages observed after blocking platelet aggregation via αIIbβ3. It will be essential to further dissect pathological platelet functions and activation pathways involved in reperfusion injury from those indispensable as gatekeepers of hemostasis in the stroke-injured brain. The pathophysiology of acute stroke is even more complex since it involves concerted detrimental actions of platelets and T-cells, referred to as "thromboinflammation," which await further elucidation.