QCA Extensions

Abstract

In this chapter, we briefly introduce two extensions of the basic binary-valued crisp-set variant of QCA. The first, multi-value QCA (mvQCA), is essentially a generalization rather than an extension of csQCA. It can accommodate conditions with more than two categories, but remains crisp in that membership in each of these categories cannot be partial and is mutually exclusive. It will also be shown how to plot mvQCA solutions in Venn diagrams and produce intermediate solutions with multi-value data. In contrast, tQCA is a specific kind of csQCA with one or more auxiliary binary-valued crisp conditions whose values denote temporal relations between two or more of the substantive conditions.