Pharmacotherapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Two major clinical forms are recognized: non-exudative, which accounts for up to 90% of the cases of AMD, and exudative, characterized by the development of neovascularization. The last two decades were remarkable for the development and widespread application of antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of exudative AMD. In this chapter, we summarize the important studies and trials that formed the basis for this therapeutic breakthrough. Additionally, we discuss data on antiangiogenic agents currently available, including long-term outcomes, limitations, and results of the different regimens and treatment strategies that have been studied. We also provide an in-depth discussion on the current need for pharmacological treatments for non-exudative AMD to halt progression of the early and intermediate forms of the disease to its late blinding forms. We identify current limitations in knowledge and provide an overview on ongoing areas of research and potential avenues for successful strategies. This chapter is a resource for clinicians and investigators who treat individuals with AMD and who are engaged in improving the therapeutic options for the future.