Comparison of glucose time in range and area under curve in range in relation to risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients

Abstract

Aims/introduction: We proposed a novel continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-based metric, area under the curve in range (AucIR), for integrating both the amplitude and duration of dysglycemia, and further compared AucIR with the emerging key CGM-derived metric, time in range (TIR). Materials and methods: A total of 2,030 adult patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled during May 2020 to October 2021. AucIR and TIR were measured with 7-day CGM data. Logistic regression analysis and the C-statistic was carried out to assess the association of AucIR and TIR with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Results: Both AucIR (r = −0.89) and TIR (r = −0.95) were strongly correlated with mean glucose levels. Compared with TIR, AucIR showed a tighter relationship with parameters of glycemic variability, including the coefficient of variation (r = −0.56), standard deviation (r = −0.89) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (r = −0.70). For each absolute 10% decrease in AucIR, the risk of DR was increased by 7% (95% confidence interval 1.02–1.13) after adjustment for confounders. With respect to TIR, each absolute 10% decrease was associated with an 8% (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.14) increased risk of DR. The model discrimination for DR, as measured by C-statistic, did not differ significantly between the two metrics (P > 0.05). Conclusions: AucIR did not provide added benefit over TIR in the assessment of DR risk among patients with type 2 diabetes. The potential value of AucIR needs to be explored in future studies.