Upper facial action unit recognition

Abstract

This paper concentrates on the comparisons of systems that are used for the recognition of expressions generated by six upper face action units (AUs) by using Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Haar wavelet, Haar-Like and Gabor wavelet coefficients are compared, using Adaboost for feature selection. The binary classification results by using Support Vector Machines (SVM) for the upper face AUshavebeen observed to be better than the current results in the literature, for example 96.5% for AU2 and 97.6% for AU5. In multi-class classification case, the Error Correcting Output Coding (ECOC) has been applied. Although for a large number of classes, the results are not as accurate as the binary case, ECOC has the advantage of solving all problems simultaneously; and for large numbers of training samples and small number of classes, error rates are improved. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009.