Overview

Abstract

Text mining is the discovery and extraction of interesting, non-trivial knowledge from free or unstructured text. This encompasses everything from information retrieval (i.e., document or web site retrieval) to text classification and clustering, to (somewhat more recently) entity, relation, and event extraction. Natural language processing (NLP), is the attempt to extract a fuller meaning representation from free text. This can be put roughly as figuring out who did what to whom, when, where, how and why. NLP typically makes use of linguistic concepts such as part-of-speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) and grammatical structure (either represented as phrases like noun phrase or prepositional phrase, or dependency relations like subject-of or object-of). It has to deal with anaphora (what previous noun does a pronoun or other back-referring phrase correspond to) and ambiguities (both of words and of grammatical structure, such as what is being modified by a given word or prepositional phrase). To do this, it makes use of various knowledge representations, such as a lexicon of words and their meanings and grammatical properties and a set of grammar rules and often other resources such as an ontology of entities and actions, or a thesaurus of synonyms or abbreviations. © 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited.