Conclusions: A way forward

Abstract

Despite a general improvement expected for the next decade in EU, some urban areas and some regions will still struggle with severe air quality problems and related health effects. These areas are often characterized by specific environmental and anthropogenic factors and will require ad hoc additional local actions to complement medium and long-term national and EU-wide strategies to reach EU air quality objectives. These urban areas are also among the territories where most energy is consumed and most greenhouse gases (GHGs) are emitted.