Deletion of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Impacts A. nidulans Secretome and Growth on Lignocellulose

Abstract

Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that boost plant biomass degradation in combination with glycoside hydrolases. Secretion of LPMO9s arsenal by Aspergillus nidulans is influenced by the substrate and time of induction. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative enzymes found in viruses, archaea, and bacteria as well as eukaryotes, such as fungi, algae and insects, actively contributing to the degradation of different polysaccharides. In Aspergillus nidulans , LPMOs from family AA9 ( An LPMO9s), along with an AA3 cellobiose dehydrogenase ( An CDH1), are cosecreted upon growth on crystalline cellulose and lignocellulosic substrates, indicating their role in the degradation of plant cell wall components. Functional analysis revealed that three target LPMO9s ( An LPMO9C, An LPMO9F and An LPMO9G) correspond to cellulose-active enzymes with distinct regioselectivity and activity on cellulose with different proportions of crystalline and amorphous regions. An LPMO9s deletion and overexpression studies corroborate functional data. The abundantly secreted An LPMO9F is a major component of the extracellular cellulolytic system, while An LPMO9G was less abundant and constantly secreted, and acts preferentially on crystalline regions of cellulose, uniquely displaying activity on highly crystalline algae cellulose. Single or double deletion of An LPMO9s resulted in about 25% reduction in fungal growth on sugarcane straw but not on Avicel, demonstrating the contribution of LPMO9s for the saprophytic fungal lifestyle relies on the degradation of complex lignocellulosic substrates. Although the deletion of An CDH1 slightly reduced the cellulolytic activity, it did not affect fungal growth indicating the existence of alternative electron donors to LPMOs. Additionally, double or triple knockouts of these enzymes had no accumulative deleterious effect on the cellulolytic activity nor on fungal growth, regardless of the deleted gene. Overexpression of An LPMO9s in a cellulose-induced secretome background confirmed the importance and applicability of An LPMO9G to improve lignocellulose saccharification. IMPORTANCE Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that boost plant biomass degradation in combination with glycoside hydrolases. Secretion of LPMO9s arsenal by Aspergillus nidulans is influenced by the substrate and time of induction. These findings along with the biochemical characterization of novel fungal LPMO9s have implications on our understanding of their concerted action, allowing rational engineering of fungal strains for biotechnological applications such as plant biomass degradation. Additionally, the role of oxidative players in fungal growth on plant biomass was evaluated by deletion and overexpression experiments using a model fungal system.