Marine Geo-Engineering

Abstract

In this chapter an overview is given of the existing international regulation of marine geo-engineering techniques. Two techniques—ocean fertilization and the sequestration of carbon dioxide in sub-seabed geological formations—have been either experimentally studied or even deployed, whereas all other forms of marine geo-engineering have remained in their early infancy. Both techniques could pose a significant risk to the environment. In 2008 Contracting Parties to both the London Convention and the London Protocol and the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a non-binding moratorium on ocean fertilization activities with the exemption of small-scale research projects. In 2010 this non-binding moratorium was extended to all climate-engineering activities by Parties to the CBD. In 2013 a—legally binding—amendment to the London Protocol with regard to the regulation of marine geo-engineering activities was approved. The amendment could serve as a model for the regulation of other climate-engineering activities (e.g. solar radiation management in the stratosphere) in many respects.