How game and game principles facilitate the co-design processes: Reflections on two case studies

Abstract

The increasing need to motivate and engage participants in the co-design has led to the trend of employing game elements in the early phase of the design process to facilitate the activities. However, most have described the gamified co-design by its methods, purposes, and functions. How games theoretically contribute to achieving those goals is still uncovered. This research aims to bridge this theoretical-practical gap by first defining the game principles from the literature. Then investigate how those principles manifested in two case studies with detailed game elements. Finally, we present a framework that links the game principles and purposes/functions by reflecting the cases.