Engineering Mesoporous Structure in Amorphous Carbon Boosts Potassium Storage with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency

Abstract

Amorphous carbon shows great potential as an anode material for high-performance potassium-ion batteries; however, its abundant defects or micropores generally capture K ions, thus resulting in high irreversible capacity with low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and limited practical application. Herein, pore engineering via a facile self-etching strategy is applied to achieve mesoporous carbon (meso-C) nanowires with interconnected framework. Abundant and evenly distributed mesopores could provide short K+ pathways for its rapid diffusion. Compared to microporous carbon with highly disordered structure, the meso-C with Zn-catalyzed short-range ordered structure enables more K+ to reversibly intercalate into the graphitic layers. Consequently, the meso-C shows an increased capacity by ~ 100 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and the capacity retention is 70.7% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Multiple in/ex situ characterizations reveal the reversible structural changes during the charging/discharging process. Particularly, benefiting from the mesoporous structure with reduced specific surface area by 31.5 times and less defects, the meso-C generates less irreversible capacity with high ICE up to 76.7%, one of the best reported values so far. This work provides a new perspective that mesopores engineering can effectively accelerate K+ diffusion and enhance K+ adsorption/intercalation storage.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]