Very small concentrations of a dimeric C,N-palladacycle were used as an efficient homogeneous catalyst for Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions between various aryl halides and phenylacetylene. The catalytic reactions were performed without the need for copper in DMF/H2O. This catalytic system shows excellent yields for aryl iodides and bromides and even in the case of aryl chlorides.
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Karami, K., & Haghighat Naeini, N. (2015). Copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by an efficient dimeric C,N-palladacycle in DMF/H2O. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 39(6), 1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1502-86