Coordination of synaptic vesicle trafficking and turnover by the Rab35 signaling network

Abstract

Rab35 and the Rab35 network of GAPs, GEFs, and effectors are important regulators of membrane trafficking for a variety of cellular processes, from cytokinesis and phagocytosis to neurite outgrowth. In the past five years, components of this signaling network have also been implicated as critical mediators of synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling and protein homeostasis. Recent studies by several groups, including our own, have demonstrated that Rab35-mediated endosomal sorting is required for the degradation of SV proteins via the ESCRT pathway, thereby eliminating old or damaged proteins from the SV pool. This sorting process is regulated by Rab35 activation in response to neuronal activity, and potentially by an antagonistic signaling relationship between Rab35 and the small GTPase Arf6 that directs SVs into distinct recycling pathways depending on neuronal activity levels. Furthermore, mutations in genes encoding Rab35 regulatory proteins are emerging as causative factors in human neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases, consistent with their important roles in synaptic and neuronal health. Here, we review these recent findings and offer our perspective on how the Rab35 signaling network functions to maintain neurotransmission and synaptic fitness.