Steroid-induced side-effects of oral contraceptives

Abstract

This chapter summarized the main clinically relevant side-effects of combined pills and sequential oral contraceptive preparations. Estrogens beneficial side effects are reviewed 1st. Since most were observed by women using combined preparations, the main responsibility of the estrogen is possible only to assume. However, positive effects on the menstrual cycle, (monthly blood loss, prementrual tension, dysmennorhea, dysfunctional bleedings), iron deficiency anemia, plasma carrier proteins, lipid metabolism, skin and ears, and psyche, as well as some protection from certain arthrytic and thyroid diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease, appear to be in evidence. Negative effects have been observed on the vagina, uterine cervix, endometrium, mammary gland, endocrine system, central nervous system, liver, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts, eyes, teeth, serum vitamin concentrations, blood coagulation and pressure, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. Progestogen side effects are also reviewed: favorable effects have been reported connected with fungus and herpes recurrence, adnexa uteri, mammary glands, thyroid and duodenal ulcer morbidity, skin, and central nervous system. Adverse side effects are discussed for progestogens in the cervix uteri, endometrium, ovaries, mammary gland, hormone release and balance, central nervous system, liver, skin, blood coagulation, plasma carrier proteins, and electrolyte balance. Progestin effects on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism and circulation are examined at greater length. Briefly reviewed are the interactions of oral contraceptives with anticoagulants, antidepressants, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and lipid-soluble drugs. The conclusion is that most side effects are not life threatening, but call for continuous attention. Further research and development is needed for oral contraceptives.