Considering future social structures through association, multitude, and activity theory: From gift exchange to creative intercourse

Abstract

This paper focuses on philosophical or psychological theories about future social structures other than capitalist societies or neoliberalism. It considers the “exchange theory” of Karatani, the “multitude” concept of Hardt and Negri, and activity theory from Vygotskian psychology. It also examines the associations among these different theories and field research, proposes another view, and establishes a foothold for post-social constructionism or post-activity theory. First, Scribner’s “four historical layers of human development” is explored, and some limitations of previous studies of activity theory are considered. It is argued that field research into activity theory should focus not only on the history of individual societies or the life histories of individuals in society, but should also consider the world history of the social structure. Second, it is proposed that the “world history of the mode of production” by the activity theorist Engeström is affected by a particular limitation and that Karatani’s “world history of exchange modes” can overcome this problem. Third, unique communities that have formed in the regions around Fujino are examined as seminal cases of a future mode of society that might offer alternatives to the financial-gain-centered culture seen in capitalist society. Fourth, it is argued that existing exchange or gift theories rely on transfers, wherein existing material or non-material goods are passed between individuals. This is called a transfer mode of exchange. This mode makes it difficult to generate constructive discussion about an alternative future society. Finally, creative intercourse is proposed as a concept that can help transcend the dualism of either giving or receiving that the transfer mode has established.