Tay-Sachs disease

Abstract

GM2-gangliosidosis is a group of neurological disorders resulting from genetically defective catabolism, and consequent abnormal accumulation, of GM2-ganglioside. Three major types are distinguished: the B variant (Tay-Sachs disease), the O variant (Sandhoff disease), and the AB variant, caused by genetic abnormalities in the genes coding for the beta-hexosaminidase alpha- or beta-subunit, or the GM2-activator protein, respectively. A number of gene abnormalities responsible for Tay-Sachs disease have already been identified and the correlation between the beta-hexosaminidase alpha gene abnormality and the clinical phenotype has been explained in many cases. In the severest phenotype of Tay-Sachs disease (infantile form), mRNA of beta-hexosaminidase alpha subunit is not produced or is unstable such as in French Canadian patients or in Jewish patients with infantile Tay-Sachs disease, or the polypeptide does not have any catalytic activities because of the alteration of glycosylation such as the mutation of Glu482-to-Lys found in a Italian patient or the altered structure of polypeptide. The mutation identified in a large majority of the Japanese infantile Tay-Sachs disease patients, which is a G-to-T substitution at 3'-end of intron 5, generates a short mRNA with complete skipping of exon 6 and a polypeptide lacking 34 amino acids is generated but catalytically inactive. On the other hand, some active alpha beta dimers must be generated in patients with milder phenotypes of Tay-Sachs disease such as Gly269-to-Ser mutation in an adult form. Some of the mutations appear in high frequency among certain ethnic groups such as Ashkenazi Jewish patients and French Canadians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)