Identification and Relative Quantification of Native and Proteolytically Generated Protein C-Termini from Complex Proteomes: C-Terminome Analysis

Abstract

Proteome-wide analysis of protein C-termini has long been inaccessible, but is now enabled by a newly developed negative selection strategy we term C-terminomics. In this procedure, amine- and carboxyl groups of full-length proteins are chemically protected. After trypsin digestion, N-terminal and internal tryptic peptides – but not C-terminal peptides – posses newly formed, unprotected C-termini that are removed by coupling to the high-molecular-weight polymer poly-allylamine. Ultrafiltration separates the uncoupled, blocked C-terminal peptides that are subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. On a proteome-wide scale, this strategy profiles native protein C-termini together with neo C-termini generated by endoproteolytic cleavage or processive C-terminal truncations (“ragging”). In bacterial proteomes, hundreds of protein C-termini were identified. Stable isotope labeling enables ­quantitative comparison of protein C-termini and C-terminal processing in different samples. Using formaldehyde-based chemical labeling, this quantitative approach termed “carboxy-terminal amine-based isotope labeling of substrates (C-TAILS)” identified >100 cleavage sites of exogenously applied GluC protease in an Escherichia coli proteome. C-TAILS complements recently developed N-terminomic techniques for endoprotease substrate discovery and is essential for the characterization of carboxyprotease processing.