Choline Dihydrogen Phosphate Destabilizes G-Quadruplexes and Enhances Transcription Efficiency In Vitro and in Cells

Abstract

G-quadruplexes in disease-related genes are associated with various biological processes and regulate disease progression. Although methods involving ligands and other techniques are available to stabilize G-quadruplexes, approaches for destabilizing G-quadruplexes remain limited. Here, we evaluated whether G-quadruplexes can be destabilized using choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp), a highly biocompatible hydrated ionic liquid. Circular dichroism spectral measurements at increasing temperatures revealed that choline dhp destabilized G-quadruplexes more effectively than did KCl-containing solutions. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that destabilization occurred via an entropic contribution, suggesting that choline ions did not coordinate with the G-quartets, because of their large radii. Subsequently, plasmid DNAs containing G-quadruplexes were constructed, and transcription reactions were performed in nuclear extracts from living cells. G-quadruplexes repressed transcription, whereas the addition of choline dhp increased transcription. Although ionic liquids often inactivate biomolecules, choline dhp can be used to culture various cells. Furthermore, the transcription of template DNA containing the G-quadruplex was greatly enhanced in living MDA-MD-231 cells (aggressive human breast cancer cells) cultured with choline dhp. Our results show that choline dhp destabilizes G-quadruplexes in cells, indicating that choline dhp can regulate gene expression. Thus, choline dhp may be useful for regulating target disease-related genes.