Tafel slope analyses for homogeneous catalytic reactions

Abstract

Tafel analysis of electrocatalysts is essential in their characterization. This paper analyzes the application of Tafel-like analysis to the four-electron nonelectrochemical oxidation of water by the stoichiometric homogeneous 1-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)3 ]3+ to dioxygen catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts, [Ru4O4 (OH)2 (H2O)4 (γ-SiW10O36)2 ]10− (Ru4POM) and [Co4 (H2O)2 (PW9O34)2 ]10– (Co4POM). These complexes have slow electron exchange rates with electrodes due to the Frumkin effect, which precludes the use of known electrochemical methods to obtain Tafel plots at ionic strengths lower than 0.5 M. The application of an electron transfer catalyst, [Ru(bpy)3 ]3+/2+, in-creases the rates between the Ru4POM and electrode, but a traditional Tafel analysis of such a complex system is precluded due to a lack of appropriate theoretical models for 4-electron pro-cesses. Here, we develop a theoretical framework and experimental procedures for a Tafel-like analysis of Ru4POM and Co4POM, using a stoichiometric molecular oxidant [Ru(bpy)3 ]3+. The dependence of turnover frequency (TOF) as a function of electrochemical solution potential created by the [Ru(bpy)3 ]3+/[Ru(bpy)3]2+ redox couple (an analog of the Tafel plot) was obtained from kinetics data and interpreted based on the suggested reaction mechanism.