In vitro 'time-to-kill' assay to assess the cidal activity dynamics of current reference drugs against Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum

Abstract

Objectives: Despite a continued search for novel antileishmanial drugs, treatment options remain restricted to a few standard drugs, e.g. antimonials, miltefosine, amphotericin B and paromomycin. Although these drugs have now been used for several decades, their mechanism of action still remains partly hypothetical and their dynamics of cidal action and time-to-kill are still poorly documented. Methods: An in vitro time-to-kill assay on intracellular amastigotes of the laboratory reference strains Leishmania donovani (MHOM/ET/67/L82) and Leishmania infantum [MHOM/MA(BE)/67/ITMAP263] evaluated the cidal action dynamics of the listed reference drugs at three different concentrations: at IC50, 2×IC50 and the near cytotoxic dose level (CC90: determined on MRC-5 cells). This assay focused on identifying the minimal exposure time needed to completely eliminate viable intracellular amastigotes, using the standard microscopic Giemsa assay and the promastigote back-transformation assay. Results: While 100% reduction was microscopically apparent for most drugs, the promastigote back-transformation assay clearly demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent cidal mechanism. The time-to-kill at 2×IC50 was ≥240 h for pentavalent antimony (77 μg eq./mL), 96 h for trivalent antimony (44 μg eq./mL), 168 to >240 h for miltefosine (10 μM), 168 h for paromomycin (100 μM) and >240 h for amphotericin B (2 μM). No differences were noted between both Leishmania species. Conclusions: Evaluation of the concentration- and time-dependent cidal activity using the promastigote backtransformation assay revealed striking differences in efficacy of the different antileishmanial reference drugs. This assay should allow in-depth pharmacodynamic evaluation of novel drug leads in comparison with the existing antileishmanial drug repertoire.