Kallmann syndrome: A hystorical, clinical and molecular review

Abstract

Kallmann syndrome (KS), the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, was described by Maestre de San Juan in 1856 and characterized as a hereditary condition by Franz Josef Kallmann in 1944. Many aspects such as pathogeny, phenotype and genotype in KS were described in the last fifteen years. The knowledge of this condition has grown fast, making it difficult to update. Here we review historical aspects of this condition and its discoverers and describe new findings regarding the embryogenesis of the olfactory bulb and GnRH secreting neuronal tracts that are important for understanding the association of hypogonadism and anosmia. Additionally, we describe the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of KS, including five related genes (KAL-1, FGFR1, PROKR2, PROK2e NELF), and discuss the function of each codified protein in migration and maturation of the olfactory and GnRH neurons, with data from in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally we describe the clinical phenotype of patients carrying these mutations. copyright © ABE&M todos os direitos reservados.