Ranges and drivers of risk associated with sports and recreational activities in people with haemophilia: results of the Activity-Intensity-Risk Consensus Survey of US physical therapists

Abstract

Introduction: Limited evidence describes physical activity-associated bleeding risks for people with haemophilia, and risks are usually described only generically. Aim: To assess activity-specific ranges of risk for joint, soft tissue and head bleeds by identifying inherent and modifiable risk factors associated with each activity, based on opinions of expert physical therapists (PTs). Methods: Physical therapists from US haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) participated in a survey of 101 physical activities. For each activity, PTs provided minimum/maximum risk scores (low = 1; high = 5), and indicated specific bleeding risks in six joints and three injury types (bruising, muscle bleeding, head injury). Risk drivers were identified from free-text comments and explored at a consensus meeting, where they were categorized as inherent or modifiable and activity-driven or patient-driven. Results: Of 32 invited PTs, 17 participated; median experience was 24 years as a PT and 16 years at an HTC. Only a few activities had a wide range of risk assessments encompassing both lower and upper ends of the response range. Joint injury risks were consistent with position and physical requirements, and head and muscle bleed risks were associated with physical contact. Eight PTs participated in the consensus meeting; key risk drivers identified included progression from seasonal to year-round participation, overtraining and improper body mechanics. Inherent risks included impact with surface/ball/equipment and field/surface condition; modifiable risks included safety equipment and tricks/stunts. Conclusions: These data provide a framework for discussion with patients/families, recognizing how certain activities may be modified to decrease risk, and identifying activities with nonmodifiable inherent risks.