Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species as Related to Ecosystem Structure and Function

Abstract

Changes in ecosystem structure and function are described in relation to the long-term development of vegetation, including the migrations following the Ice Age, extinction and decline of species, and the introduction and naturalization of species. Characteristics of endangered species and weeds are compared. The rare occurrence of hemerochoric species in undisturbed vegetation is discussed with reference to the concept of the immunity of ecosystems and immigration conditions.