Free 25(OH)D and the Vitamin D paradox in African Americans

Abstract

Context: African Americans have a lower total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] but superior bone health. This has been referred to as a paradox. A recent publication found that free serum 25(OH)D is the same in black and white individuals. However, the study was criticized because an indirect method was used to measure free 25(OH)D. A direct method has recently been developed. Objective:Wehypothesized that although total serum 25(OH)D is lower in African Americans, free serum 25(OH)D measured directly would not differ between races. Design: White and black healthy postmenopausal women were matched for age and body mass index. Serum total 25(OH)D, PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and bone density were measured. Measurement of free 25(OH)D was carried out using an ELISA. Setting: The study was conducted at an ambulatory research unit in a teaching hospital. Outcome: A cross-racial comparison of serum free 25(OH)D was performed. Results: A propensity match resulted in the selection of a total of 164 women. Total 25(OH)D was lower in black women (19.5 ± 4.7 vs 26.9 ± 6.4 ng/mL), but a direct measurement of free 25(OH)D revealed almost identical values (5.25 ± 1.2 vs 5.25 ± 1.3 ng/mL) between races. VDBP was significantly lower in blacks when using a monoclonal-based ELISA but higher with a polyclonal-based ELISA. Serum PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and bone density were higher in African Americans. Conclusions: Free serum 25(OH)D is the same across races despite the lower total serum 25(OH)D in black women. Results comparing VDBP between races using a monoclonal vs a polyclonal assay were discordant.