Cardiovascular Disease and Sex

Abstract

One of the primary causes of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Women typically have a lower incidence of CVD than men, however after acute cardiovascular events, women have a higher mortality and worse prognosis. Different CVDs, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and aortic diseases, exhibit these sex variances. These differences have raised serious concerns so sex consideration is significant for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of CVD. In order to highlight the need of taking sex differences into account when determining cardiovascular risk, this study seeks to offer an overview of sex-related differences in numerous common CVDs as well as an analysis of potential factors linked with the disparities. Future studies should focus on how to define and include sexrelated indicators into the methods currently used for cardiovascular risk assessment and management.