Type I Photosensitizers Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission: A Rising Star in Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), emerging as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality with precise controllability and high spatiotemporal accuracy, has earned significant advancements in the field of cancer and other non-cancerous diseases treatment. Thereinto, type I PDT represents an irreplaceable and meritorious part in contributing to these delightful achievements since its distinctive hypoxia tolerance can perfectly compensate for the high oxygen-dependent type II PDT, particularly in hypoxic tissues. Regarding the diverse type I photosensitizers (PSs) that light up type I PDT, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active type I PSs are currently arousing great research interest owing to their distinguished AIE and aggregation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (AIE-ROS) features. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge advances of novel AIE-active type I PSs by delineating the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of the type I pathway, summarizing the current molecular design strategies for promoting the type I process, and showcasing current bioapplications, in succession. Notably, the strategies to construct highly efficient type I AIE PSs were elucidated in detail from the two aspects of introducing high electron affinity groups, and enhancing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) intensity. Lastly, we present a brief conclusion, and a discussion on the current limitations and proposed opportunities.