Xerostomia and the Oral Microflora

Abstract

Includes index. This wide-ranging guide to dry mouth, or xerostomia, is intended to meet the needs of dentists by providing information on all clinically relevant aspects. After introductory discussion of salivary secretion and function, the potential causes of dry mouth, including diseases affecting saliva production, drugs and irradiation, are examined. Symptoms and signs such as altered taste, bacterial changes and infection are discussed and impacts on quality of life, described. Diagnostic issues are fully explored, covering the use of clinical scoring scales, difficulties in assessment, detection of ear. Contributors; Part I: Background Topics; 1: Introduction; Part II: Causes; 2: Diseases Causing Oral Dryness; Xerostomia and Salivary Gland Hypofunction; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Inflammatory Connective Tissue Diseases; Sjögren's Syndrome; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Scleroderma; Mixed Connective Tissue Disease; Sarcoidosis; Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Crohn's Disease; Ulcerative Colitis; Coeliac Disease; Autoimmune Liver Diseases; Amyloidosis; Endocrine Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Thyroiditis; Neurological Disorders; CNS Trauma. Cerebral Palsy Bell's Palsy; Parkinson's Disease; Alzheimer's Disease; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Infectious Diseases; Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Hepatitis C Virus; Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus; Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps); Genetic and Developmental Diseases; Cystic Fibrosis; Ectodermal Dysplasia; Prader-Willi Syndrome; Dehydration; Eating Disorders; Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; References; 3: Medication-Induced Dry Mouth; Introduction; What Is Medication-Induced Dry Mouth?; Medication-Induced Xerostomia; Dose, Duration and Number of Medications. Drug Substitution Pharmacological Stimulation; Gum Chewing and Saliva Substitutes; References; 4: Cancer-/Cancer Treatment-Related Salivary Gland Dysfunction; Definitions; Epidemiology; General Oncology Population; Radiotherapy to the Head and Neck Region; Radioactive Iodine; Chemotherapy; Aetiology; Box 4.1 Causes of Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Cancer; Radiotherapy to the Head and Neck Region; Pathophysiology; Clinical Features; Box 4.2 Quotations from Cancer Patients with Xerostomia [32]; Assessment; Management; Prevention of SGD; Treatment of the Cause of SGD. Symptomatic Treatment of SGDSaliva Stimulants; Saliva Substitutes; Prevention of the Complications of SGD; References; Part III: Effects; 5: Oral Dryness, Dietary Intake, and Alterations in Taste; The Relation between Salivary Secretion and Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status; Oral Pain and Discomfort; Challenged Chewing and Swallowing Process; Dry Mouth and Sensation of Taste; Effects of Saliva on Taste Substances; Altered Taste in Dry Mouth Patients; The Impact of Nutritional Status on Salivary Secretion; Dehydration; Malnutrition and Micronutrients Deficiency; Conclusions. Medication-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction (MISGD) What Are the Mechanisms of MISGD?; Interruption of Reflex Signalling at the Periphery: Afferent Signalling; Interruption of Reflex Signalling at the Periphery: Efferent Signalling; Efferent Signalling and Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists; Medications with an Unintended Antimuscarinic Effect; Central Interruption of Reflex Signalling; Central Signalling and Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists; Medications with an Unintended Activation of α2 Adrenoceptors; Treatment of Medication-Induced Xerostomia and Salivary Gland Dysfunction.