The Meridional Overturning of the Oceans

Abstract

This chapter presents a brief overview of available observations and a more detailed discussion of the theory of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). It should be pointed out that the theory of the MOC is not yet as solid as the theory of the wind-driven circulation. There is a variety of model types -- box models of various configurations and zonally averaged models -- many have imbedded severe approximations and unjustifiable assumptions which should be taken with care. We made an attempt to discuss these shortcomings and to present better alternatives if possible.