Arbitrarily loss-tolerant einstein-podolsky-rosen steering allowing a demonstration over 1 km of optical fiber with no detection loophole

Abstract

Demonstrating nonclassical effects over longer and longer distances is essential for both quantum technology and fundamental science. The main challenge is the loss of photons during propagation, because considering only those cases where photons are detected opens a "detection loophole"in security whenever parties or devices are untrusted. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is equivalent to an entanglement-verification task in which one party (device) is untrusted. We derive arbitrarily loss-tolerant tests, enabling us to perform a detection-loophole-free demonstration of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering with parties separated by a coiled 1-km-long optical fiber, with a total loss of 8.9 dB (87%).