Flavin Motion in p ‐Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase

Abstract

The side chain of Tyr222 in p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase interacts with the carboxy moiety of the substrate. Studies on the Tyr222→Phe mutant, [F222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, have shown that disruption of this interaction hampers the hydroxylation of 4‐hydroxybenzoate. Tyr222 is possibly involved in flavin motion, which may facilitate the exchange of substrate and product during catalysis. To elucidate the function of Tyr222 in more detail, in the present study the substrate and effector specificity of the Tyr222→Ala mutant, [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, was investigated. Replacement of Tyr→222 by Ala impairs the binding of the physiological substrate 4‐hydroxybenzoate and the substrate analog 4‐aminobenzoate. With these compounds, [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase mainly acts as a NADPH oxidase. [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase tightly interacts with 2,4‐dihydroxybenzoate and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐aminobenzoate. Crystallographic data [Schreuder, H. A., Mattevi, A., Oblomova, G., Kalk, K. H., Hoi, W. G. J., van der Bolt, F. J. T. & van Berkel, W. J. H (1994) Biochemistry 33 , 10161–10170] suggest that this is due to motion of the flavin ring out of the active site, allowing hydrogen‐bond interaction between the 2‐hydroxy group of the substrate analogs and N3 of the flavin. [A222] p ‐Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase produces about 0.6 mol 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzoate from 2,4‐dihy‐droxybenzoate/mol NADPH oxidized. This indicates that reduction of the Tyr222→Ala mutant shifts the equilibrium of flavin conformers towards the productive ‘in’ position. [A222] p ‐Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase converts 2‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate to 2‐fluoro‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate. The regioselectivity of hydroxylation suggests that [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase binds the fluorinated substrate in the same orientation as wild‐type. Spectral studies suggest that wild‐type and [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase bind 2‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate in the phenolate form with the flavin ring preferring the ‘out’ conformation. Despite activation of the fluorinated substrate and in contrast to the wild‐type enzyme, [A222] p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase largely produces hydrogen peroxide. The effector specificity of p ‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase is not changed by the Tyr222→‐Ala replacement. This supports the idea that the effector specificity is mainly dictated by the protein‐substrate interactions at the re ‐side of the flavin ring.