Surgical treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases using chitosan matrices

Abstract

A variety of medications is applied nowadays for treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases (IPD) which are the prevalent dental disorders worldwide. A method of surgical treatment is described for IPD. We present a classification of natural and synthetic membranes used in surgical interventions, and describe a novel treatment technology using a natural chitosan polymer. Materials and methods Porous 3-D matrices were obtained by lyophilization of chitosan solution from the 2% solution of acetic acid. The resulting chitosan matrices had micropores of 100 to 150 nm in size. The in vivo experiments with porous chitosan membranes were performed in rabbits. Artificial maxillar bone defects were inflicted, being overlaid by the tested material. Some animals were subjected to rib exposure and infliction of a bone defect, then filled with a biodegradable porous chitosan-based matrix. Results Morphological examination of artificially damaged ribs with implanted material has revealed various changes of bone tissue and porous matrix, without sufficient inflammation signs. At 1 month, the matrix/bone border has shown osteoclasts at the site of bone defect 30 days after surgery, along with neoangiogenesis at the site of repair. At 3 to 6 months post-surgery, periosteal structures were organized, as well as local fibrosis was developed. Conclusion Porous chitosan matrix proved to be biocompatible, bi-oinert, and bioresorbable material, thus meeting the requirements applicable to the materials suitable for production of the bone matrices.