Emergencies at Potentially Dangerous Objects Causing Atmosphere Pollution: Peculiarities of Chemically Hazardous Substances Migration

Abstract

The most chemically dangerous technogenic objects on the territory of Ukraine are thermal power plants, combined heat and power plants, nuclear power plants, enterprises of chemical industry and metallurgy. Various pollutants are released into the atmosphere through chimneys of different heights due to their operation. Emergencies can occur due to significant pollution of the surface of the atmosphere in adjacent areas due to technological disturbances or adverse weather conditions, or unauthorized emissions, etc. Preventive measures are based on the application of mathematical models and related software for the propagation of harmful impurities in the atmosphere. Structure of new information and technical methods of such emergencies prevention is presented. Given work describes the most likely occurrence and development of emergencies related to entry of toxic substances into the atmosphere at these potentially dangerous objects. Diagram shows the scheme of migration of impurities in the air due to technogenic emissions. Influence of the main factors on scattering of impurities under continuous and volatile emission conditions is described. It is shown that the greatest influence on distribution of concentration of dangerous substances in the atmospheric air is caused by: source characteristics (source type, mode and conditions of emission), meteorological characteristics (wind direction and velocity, atmospheric stratification, precipitation, temperature and humidity), pollutant characteristics (ability to interact chemically with other substances in atmospheric air, gravitational deposition rate, absorption coefficient of the underlying surface), characteristics of the earth’s surface of adjacent area (topography, roughness). Obtained results are basis for the further development of new mathematical models of atmospheric pollution from emissions of chemically hazardous objects. It is necessary for effective solution of the problems to prevent such emergencies.