Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment

Abstract

4.9 Route of antimicrobial usage in aquaculture Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (AMR) in the Environment summarizes and updates information on antibiotic producing organisms and their resistance and entry routes in soil, air, water and sediment. As antibiotic use continues to rise in healthcare, their fate, bioavailability and biomonitoring, and impacts on environment and public health are becoming increasingly important. The book addresses the impact of antibiotics and AMR to environment and public health and risk assessment. Moreover, it focused on the metagenomics and molecular techniques for the detection of antibiotics and antimicrobial genes. Lastly, it introduces management strategies, such as treatment technologies for managing antibiotics and AMR/ARGs-impacted environment, and bioremediation approaches. Front Cover; Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment; Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment: Volume I; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Acknowledgment; 1 -- Microorganisms and antibiotic production; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Probiotics; 1.3 Prebiotics; 1.4 Symbiotics; 1.5 Antibiotics; 1.5.1 Classification of antibiotics; 1.5.2 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance; 1.5.3 Enzymatic inactivation; 1.5.4 Drug elimination; 1.5.5 Permeability changes; 1.6 Modifications of antimicrobial targets; 1.7 Production of antibiotics 1.7.1 Natural production of antibiotics1.7.2 Semisynthetic production of antibiotics; 1.7.3 Synthetic production of antibiotics; 1.7.4 Industrial production of antibiotics; 1.7.5 Methods for increased production of antibiotics; 1.8 Stability of antimicrobial agents; 1.9 Conclusion; References; 2 -- Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance: temporal and global trends in the environment; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Antimicrobial resistance; 2.2.1 Escherichia coli; 2.2.1.1 Temporal trends; 2.2.1.2 Global trends; 2.2.1.3 Asymptomatic populations; 2.2.1.4 Symptomatic populations 2.2.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae2.2.2.1 Temporal trends; 2.2.2.2 Global trends; 2.2.3 Streptococcus pneumoniae; 2.2.3.1 Temporal and global trends; 2.2.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 2.2.4.1 Temporal trends; 2.2.4.2 Global trends; 2.2.5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 2.2.5.1 Temporal and global trends; 2.2.6 Staphylococcus aureus; 2.2.6.1 Temporal trends; 2.2.6.2 Global trends; 2.3 Conclusion; References; 3 -- Antibiotics' presence in hospitals and associated wastes; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 History of antibiotics; 3.3 Emerging trends of antibiotics in hospitals; 3.4 Prescribing pattern of antibiotics 3.5 Antibiotics as quality metrics3.6 Measurement of antibiotic consumption; 3.7 Grams of antimicrobial therapy; 3.8 Cost of antimicrobial therapy; 3.9 Antimicrobial defined daily dose; 3.10 Antimicrobial days of therapy; 3.11 Antibiotic stewardship program; 3.12 Antibiotics and hospital-associated wastes; 3.13 Conclusion; References; 4 -- Current trends of antimicrobials used in food animals and aquaculture; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Global consumption of antimicrobial trends in food animals 4.3 Frequent trends of use of antimicrobials in the treatment of infectious and contagious diseases in food animals4.3.1 Use of antimicrobials in pigs; 4.3.2 Use of antimicrobials in goats and sheep; 4.3.3 Use of antimicrobials in cattle and cows; 4.3.4 Use of antimicrobials in horse; 4.3.5 Use of antimicrobials in poultry; 4.3.6 Use of antimicrobials in cats and dogs; 4.3.7 Use of antimicrobials in rabbits; 4.4 Aquaculture; 4.5 Global aquaculture trends; 4.6 Need for aquaculture; 4.7 Legislation concerning antimicrobial use in aquaculture; 4.8 Antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture