MOLECULAR TARGETS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA IN CANCERS (IN VITRO AND IN VIVO): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Cancer is unquestionably the greatest worldwide threat to humanity. With fewer side effects, natural anticancer medicines are the most prevalent. Anticancer benefits of dietary polyphenols could be achieved through carcinogen elimination, cancer cell signalling alteration, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and apoptosis-inducing substances, according to the likely approach to anticancer effects of dietary polyphenols research. This study aims to investigate the apoptosis induction mediated by Moringa oleifera in in vitro and other molecular targets in vivo in all types of cancer studies, as well as to describe the most recent and comprehensive research on antioxidant and anticancer characteristics. The terms "molecular target", "signalling pathway", "apoptosis", "Moringa oleifera extract", "mechanism of action", "cancer", "tumour", "carcinoma", and "melanoma" were used to search four online databases, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, for relevant articles published between 2009 and 2019. There are a total of forty-four concluding pieces in this review. It was revealed that, among all plant extracts, had the highest cytotoxicity against cancer cells and the lowest cytotoxicity against normal cells. Anticancer processes, such as the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and the regulatory expression of the Bcl-xvi 2 family, which contains anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, have been revealed by more research. Phenolic compounds derived from crude extracts of Moringa oleifera, such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside, prevent DNA damage by decreasing reactive oxygen species. This resulted in less cellular mutation and cancer being produced. With fewer adverse effects, natural anticancer agents predominate. Polyphenols are important and widely utilized; the likely approach to anticancer effects of dietary polyphenols research stated that they would be accomplished through carcinogenic elimination, cancer cell signalling modification, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and apoptosis induction agents. This review seeks to explore the signalling pathways mediated by Moringa oleifera in all in vivo and in vitro cancer investigations, as well as summarize the most recent and thorough research on antioxidant and anticancer properties. Using the search terms "molecular target", "signalling pathway", "Moringa oleifera extract", "mechanism of action", "cancer", "tumour", "carcinoma", and "melanoma", four online databases, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for relevant articles published between 2009 and 2019. This review has a total of forty-four concluding articles. It was discovered that, among all plant extracts, exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against cancer cells and the lowest cytotoxicity against non-cancerous cells. Additional research has elucidated the potential anticancer processes, such as the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and the regulatory expression of the Bcl-xvi 2 family, which includes anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins. As a result of preventing DNA damage, phenolic compounds from crude extracts of Moringa oleifera, such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside, contribute to the decrease of reactive oxygen species. Consequently, it decreased the rate of mutation and the development of cancer cells.