Konsep Kejatuhan Peradaban Islam Menurut Islamis, Modenis dan Orientalis pada Abad ke-18 hingga ke-20

Abstract

Idea Inhitat atau kejatuhan peradaban Islam merupakan satu idea penting yang melatari sejarah moden dunia Arab. Di era Nahdah atau kebangkitan, pemikir Islam dan modenis dilihat mempunyai idea yang hampir sama dengan orientalis berkenaan konsep kejatuhan peradaban Islam. Secara umumnya, kejatuhan peradaban Islam terutamanya kelemahan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah dan Arab adalah disebabkan oleh umat Islam yang mundur dalam pemikiran saintifik, bersifat dogmatik serta ketinggalan di belakang kemajuan sains dan teknologi ‘peradaban’ Eropah. Namun, apakah perbezaan antara konsep kejatuhan peradaban Islam menurut pemikir Islam, modenis dan orientalis? Apakah punca permasalahan dan solusi kepada kejatuhan peradaban Islam menurut pemikir Islam, modenis dan orientalis? Kajian ini melakukan analisa terhadap penulisan-penulisan pemikir Islam, modenis dan orientalis pada abad ke-18 hingga ke-20 bagi meneliti idea mereka berkenaan konsep kejatuhan peradaban Islam. Kajian mendapati bahawa idea kejatuhan peradaban Islam oleh pemikir Islam, modenis dan orientalis menunjukkan perbezaan kefahaman mengenai punca kejatuhan seterusnya menatijahkan mereka mengabsahkan tindakan terkemudian masing-masing. Bagi modenis dan orientalis, umat Islam perlu menerima idea westernisasi bagi membolehkan berlakunya kemajuan di dalam dunia Islam. Pemikir Islam pula menolak westernisasi dan sekularisasi sebaliknya menggesa usaha islah atau perubahan pembaharuan dalam pemikiran dan tindakan umat Islam sendiri. Penemuan kajian ini bermanfaat bagi membezakan pemahaman serta pendekatan yang diambil dalam melihat konsep kejatuhan peradaban Islam menurut pemikir Islam, modenis dan orientalis. Hal ini penting untuk memahami kuasa intelektual, sosial dan sejarah yang telah membentuk tindak balas dan tindakan kumpulan-kumpulan pemikir ini serta implikasinya kepada dunia Islam.     The idea of Inhitat or the decline of the Islamic civilization is an important idea that permeates the modern history of the Arab World. In the Nahdah or revival era, both Islamic and modernist scholars seem to have the same ideas as orientalists regarding the concept of the fall of Islamic civilization. In general, the fall of Islamic civilization, especially the weakness of the Ottoman and Arab kingdoms, is caused by the muslims who are backward in scientific thinking, being dogmatic and lagging behind the progress of science and technology in the European ‘civilization’. However, what is the difference between the concept of the fall of Islamic civilization according to Islamic thinkers, modernists and orientalists? What are the causes of problems and solutions to the fall of Islamic civilization according to Islamic thinkers, modernists and orientalists? This study analyzes the writings of Islamic thinkers, modernists and orientalists in the 18th to 20th centuries to examine their ideas regarding the concept of the decline of Islamic civilization. The study found that the idea of the fall of Islamic civilization by Islamic thinkers, modernists and orientalists showed a difference in understanding the cause of the fall and further led them to justify their respective subsequent actions. For modernists and orientalists, Islam needs to be reformed and muslims should accept the idea of westernization to allow progress in the Islamic world. However, Islamic thinkers reject the idea of westernization and secularization and call for efforts to islah or reform the thinking and actions of muslims themselves.The findings of this study are useful to differentiate the understanding and approach taken in looking at the concept of the decline of Islamic civilization according to Islamic thinkers, modernists, and orientalists. This is important to understand the intellectual, social and historical forces that have shaped the response and actions of these groups as well as their implications for the Islamic world.