Association of abnormal renal profiles and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in an asian population with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

IMPORTANCE The comorbidity of chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is well known. However, to our knowledge, no cohort study has demonstrated the effect of chronic kidney disease on the development or progression of DR. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of chronic kidney disease with the development of DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 8-year prospective cohort study thatwas conducted in 2 medical centers in Taiwan included 2135 patients with type 2 diabetes. EXPOSURES The baseline and mean follow-up renal profiles including serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR), and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diabetic retinopathy and DMEwere detected with nonmydriatic fundus photography. Cox regression analyses was used to evaluate the hazard ratios (HRs) for the renal profiles of new-onset DR, proliferative DR, and DME. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 63.4 (11.9) years and 1025 (48%) were women. A higher serum creatinine level (HR of 2.358 for an increase of 1mg/dL [to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 76.25]; 95%CI, 1.901-2.924; P <30: HR, 5.488; 95%CI, 2.739-10.993; P < .001; >300: HR, 6.652; 95%CI, 3.922-11.285; P 300: HR, 2.707; 95%CI, 1.640-4.470; -2.707; P < 0.001) was associated with the development of DME. After adjusting the baseline values, the mean follow-up renal profiles, including a higher serum creatinine level (HR, 2.369 permg/dL; 95%CI, 1.704-3.293; P 300: HR, 4.193; 95%CI, 1.638-10.735; P = .003) were still correlated with new-onset PDR during the follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Abnormal renal profiles at baseline, including a high serum creatinine level, low estimated glomerular filtration rate, and high urinary ACR, were associated with the development of PDR in patients with type 2 diabetes. A high baseline urinary ACR was associated with DME. Abnormal mean follow-up renal profiles were still correlated with new-onset PDR after adjusting for baseline values. Aggressive treatment for chronic kidney disease may have a role in preventing the deterioration of DR.