Evidence for brood parasitism in a critically endangered Charadriiform with implications for conservation

Abstract

Two captive-reared birds of wild origin presumed to be Kakī/Black Stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae) were found to display plumage atypical of Kakī. We have combined genetic and non-genetic data to test the hypothesis that these birds are a product of brood parasitism by “non-kakī” [i.e. Poaka/Pied Stilt (Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus) or Kakī–Poaka hybrids]. We found that these atypically plumed birds have cytochrome b haplotypes and microsatellite alleles that could not be attributed to the putative Kakī parents associated with the nest, thus providing the first evidence for brood parasitism in Kakī.