The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha: reproduction and competition with the sponge Ephydatia fluvia

Abstract

The rapid expansion of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) in freshwater environments has resulted in serious problems from both an economic and an ecological standpoint. In this regard, investigations have been focused on the life-cycle and possible competitors able to counteract the spreading of this mollusc for management and control programmes.