A computed tomography algorithm for crossing coronary chronic total occlusions: riding on the wave of the proximal cap and distal vessel segment

Abstract

With wider adoption of coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA), chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are being increasingly identified and characterised by non-invasive angiography. In particular, the ability of coronary CTA to clearly delineate atherosclerotic plaque, as well as to display three-dimensional vessel trajectories, has garnered particular attention in the context of preprocedural planning and periprocedural guidance of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Single CTO features and combined scoring systems derived from CTA (mostly exceeding the diagnostic performance of the angiographic J‑CTO score) have been used to predict time-efficient guidewire crossing, and thus grade the CTO difficulty level prior to PCI. In addition, the introduction of three-dimensional CTA/fluoroscopy co-registration for periprocedural navigation during CTO PCI offers the unprecedented opportunity to resolve proximal cap ambiguity and clearly visualise the distal CTO segment, thereby potentially influencing CTO PCI strategies and techniques. In this review, the potential advantages of non-invasive evaluation of CTO by coronary CTA are described, and a CTA-based hybrid algorithm is introduced for further enhancing the efficiency of CTO PCI. Further studies are clearly needed to verify the proposed approach. However, several luminary operators have already implemented coronary CTA for planning and periprocedural guidance of CTO interventions using the hybrid algorithm.