Restoration conundrum: between nostalgia and futuralgia, moving beyond the reference state

Abstract

Returning to the pristine reference state is a primary goal of ecosystem restoration. However, the concept has faced criticism due to its unrealistic nature and limited ability to address contemporary challenges. This article explores some flaws of the pristine reference state concept and proposes overcoming nostalgia for former ecosystem conditions. Adhering to the pristine reference state can provoke a feeling of futuralgia, sorrow for a lost future, and missed opportunities for ecological integrity. Balancing nostalgia and futuralgia requires fostering inclusive decision-making processes and promoting the long-term success of ecosystem restoration initiatives.